Rodrigo Coppe Caldeira

O objetivo  deste  artigo é  discutir  algumas  perspectivas  analíticas  em torno  da  dinâmica  do religioso/crenças na história contemporânea e na contemporaneidade. O foco é compreender a emergência das utopias coletivistas nos séculos XIX e, posteriormente, seu declínio, dando lugar ao que chamamos de utopias individualistas. Conjectura-se a hipótese de que tanto as utopias  coletivistas  quanto  as  utopias  individualistas  podem  ser  compreendidas  como sintomas do processo de secularização, sendo interpretadas como alguns de seus reflexos contraditórios. Para tanto, buscou-se a partir de amplo espectro teórico, que vai dos debates em torno das religiões políticas à privatização religiosa, subsídios conceituais para avançar a discussão em torno da hipótese central.

Resumo
O objetivo central do artigo é apresentar alguns aspectos históricos sobre as relações entre a Igreja Católica Romana e os denominados “direitos humanos”. A Igreja, uma das instituições que mais sentiu os impactos da ascensão e consolidação do Estado liberal moderno, visto que não só sua doutrina era combatida, mas também e principalmente seu poder temporal, posicionou-se inicialmente de forma bastante crítica em relação aos “novos direitos” que surgiam, contrapostos a uma visão de mundo marcada particularmente pela noção de que a ordem social deveria refletir a política e juridicamente a ordem divina. Ao analisar algumas obras escritas no período imediato da Revolução Francesa (1789) e alguns documentos pontifícios do século XIX e XX, é possível observar que, desde a Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão de 1789 até o pontificado de João XXIII, emergiram novas interpretações dos direitos humanos, um dos pontos fundamentais no qual a Igreja passa a dialogar com a modernidade política. Tendo isso em vista, o artigo, num primeiro momento, abordará, a partir de uma perspectiva de longa duração, as raízes filosóficas do direito subjetivo, base fundamental do direito à liberdade de consciência e o contexto do surgimento do Estado liberal. Num segundo, as relações entre o catolicismo e os direitos humanos, os antagonismos e as aproximações, partindo de uma análise dos documentos magisteriais e também de obras de teólogos católicos que já naquele período buscavam pontes entre seus artigos e alguns pontos da doutrina cristã.
Palavras-chave: Igreja Católica Romana. Humanismo moderno. Estado liberal. Direitos humanos.
Abstract
The main objective of the article is to present some of the historical aspects about the relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the denominated "human rights". The Church, one of the institutions that most felt the impacts of the rise and the consolidation of the modern liberal state, since not only its doctrine was opposed, but also and especially its temporal power, initially posited itself in a very critical way related to the "new rights" that were arising, opposed to a worldview marked particularly by the notion that the social order should politically and judicially reflect the divine order. Analyzing some works written in the immediate period of the French Revolution (1789) and some papal documents of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it is possible to observe that, since the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 until the pontificate of John XXIII, new interpretations of human rights have emerged, which was one of the fundamental points for the Church begin to dialogue with political modernity. With this in view, the article will, firstly, address the philosophical roots of subjective law from a long-term perspective, the fundamental basis of the right to freedom of conscience and the context of the emergence of the liberal state. Secondly, the relations between Catholicism and the human rights, antagonisms and approximations, starting from an analysis of the magisterial documents and also from works of Catholic theologians who already at that time sought bridges between their articles and some points of Christian doctrine.
Key words: Roman Catholic Church. Modern humanism. Liberal state. Human rights.

This article deals with the moralizing discourse of the Catholic Church of Belo Horizonte on the Carnival through the catholic newspaper pages of the O Diário. The period between 1935 and 1945, during the Estado Novo, the Church has undergone significant changes, among them, its restoration project. In this political context the religious institution is threatened by the advances of modernity, in which the journal becomes an important weapon in its fight. The moral question becomes one of the main ocus, leading the Church to position in order to confront the moderns values which corrupted and sickened a moral doctrine already established, bringing all kinds of vices and sins. Within the historiographical theoretical premise of discourse analysis, this article, therefore, aims to understand the development process of the O Diário, as well as its speech and its use as a mediating instrument between the Church and society.

Fifty years ago the major religious event of the XX century succeeded: the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). The council called by Pope John XXIII had as one of its main results the legitimation of the dialogue between Catholicism and modernity. Nevertheless, the council’s reception still unfolds with countless debates and inquiries concerning its meaning and its place in the two thousand year history of ecumenical councils. Therefore, the issue of the hermeneutics of the council deepened in the past decades, especially under the papacy of Pope Benedict XVI, which emphasized the theme due to some interventions and positions regarding the council’s heritage. The purpose of this article is to understand some of the central controversies, focusing primarily on the concept of “reception”.
Keywords: Second Vatican Council. Hermeneutics. Reception.

Texto escrito em conjunto com Sérgio Murilo Rodrigues e apresentado no Congresso da SOTER/2014
A modernidade prometeu o fim das religiões. No entanto, a promessa não se cumpriu e vemos hoje tanto um aumento significativo no número de crentes na população mundial, quanto da influência política das religiões na esfera pública. A questão colocada é: Quais são as relações entre o processo de secularização, o cristianismo, o princípio da laicidade, e a formação do Estado moderno? Tendo em vista tal questão, e em busca de bibliografia sobre o tema, deparamo-nos com dois filósofos alemães, que pensaram o tema: Jürgen Habermas, mais conhecido entre nós, e Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, pouco estudado ainda no Brasil. Esta comunicação traz os primeiros passos nesse campo minado e assinalado por inúmeras interfaces entre a história, sociologia, filosofia, direito e, por que não, a própria teologia, já que o debate, por exemplo, em torno de conceitos como “natureza” e “graça”, milenar fundamentais na cosmovisão cristã, chega até os dias atuais trazendo em seu centro a discussão em torno das possibilidades daquilo que foi chamado um dia de “homem emancipado”. Assim, busca-se nessa comunicação: apresentar o problema de fundo, trazer a contribuição específica de Böckenförde sobre o debate em torno do surgimento do Estado secular, a interpretação habermasiana sobre o tema.

Since the 19th century Catholicism has been marked by internal divisions arising from the pastoral demands of how the Catholic Church should position itself and deal with the new challenges launched by modern times. Some people understood that the Catholic Church was supposed to evolve with modern times and open itself to new perspectives related to the modern project. Others denied any possibility of dialogue with the modern times and believed that modern values would encourage scepticism and anti Christianity, defending also the excommunication of those who deviate from orthodoxy. The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) can be understood as a symbolic-normative battle field, in which two divergent positions are in continuous confrontation. This article aims to briefly present the opinions of two Brazilian conservative Bishops in the Council: D. Antônio de Castro Mayer and D. Geraldo Proença Sigaud (1962-1965). For this purpose, the main points made by the Bishops at the Conciliar Assembly, will be outlined.  Therefore, the focus of the article will be on the more controversial themes discussed at that time, such as religious freedom, liturgy and hierarchical Church organization.

The historiographical studies on the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), the biggest event of Christianity in the twentieth century, still take their first steps in Brazil. From that perspective, this paperÊs main objective is to revisit a basic bibliography for the achievement of such studies, and also present a brief hermeneutic addendum on the interpretation of the conciliar event.

Since the 19th century Catholicism has been marked by internal divisions arising from the pastoral demands of how the Catholic Church should position itself and deal with the new challenges launched by modern times. Some people understood that the Catholic Church was supposed to evolve with modern times and open itself to new perspectives related to the modern project. Others denied any possibility of dialogue with the modern times and believed that modern values would encourage scepticism and anti Christianity, defending also the excommunication of those who deviate from orthodoxy. The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) can be understood as a symbolic-normative battle field, in which two divergent positions are in continuous confrontation. This article aims to briefly present the opinions of two Brazilian conservative Bishops in the Council: D. Antônio de Castro Mayer and D. Geraldo Proença Sigaud (1962-1965). For this purpose, the main points made by the Bishops at the Conciliar Assembly, will be outlined.  Therefore, the focus of the article will be on the more controversial themes discussed at that time, such as religious freedom, liturgy and hierarchical Church organization.

ROY-LYSENCOURT, Philippe. Les membres du Coetus Internationalis Patrum au Concilie Vatican II. Inventaire des interventions et souscriptions des adhérents et sympathisants. Liste des signataires d'occasion et des théologiens. Leuven: Peeters, 2014, 484p.